Past Perfect

FORM

[had + past participle]

Examples:

• She had learnt Japanese before she moved to Japan.
• Had he seen his uncle when he came back?
• By 1970,he hadn't graduated from the niversity.

• The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past.

  
• Examples:
• She had cleaned the house before her husband came back.
• By the time he was 42,he had taught for 20 years.
• As soon as he had graduated from university,he got employed in a company.
• They were arrested because they had demonstrated in the street.
• She wishes she hadn't been divorced.
• After her neighbour raped her,she suicided.

Exercise1

Exercise2

Exercice3

Form:

Had been +verb+ing.

The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.

Examples:

• She had been learning computation theories for seven years before she invented that software..
• Had his wife been accompanying him through the cheering crowds?
• he had been killing ruthlessly his political oponents for years without qualm.

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Future Perfect

FORM :

[will have + past participle]

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also state that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

• By next June, I will have passed my bac exam.
• Students will have finished this test before it rings.
• Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
• In three years, oil prices will have gone higher.
• How many countries will you have visited by the time you turn 50?

Future Perfect Progressive

Future Perfect Progressive empasizes the duration of an activity that wil be in progress before another time or event in the future.

Form:[will have +verb+ing]

• By a few years time,The new AR games will have allowed us to enter a new,fully three-dimentional and photorealistic world for hours.
• She will have been thanking her by now for her urgent help.
• I am sure he will have been telling his father about your insane mistakes for the moment.
• she will have been hiding the money box under her bed by the time she leaves her house.
• TOP services for lingual therapy will have shortly been opening their new Laboratory and Office facility for 8 hours a day by March 15th.

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Conditional

Third conditional/Conditional Type III

Conditional Type III is used to express conditions in the past that didn't happen and can never be fulfilled.It is often used to express regret or criticism.

Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause.

Form

(IF Clause)	(Main Clause)
If I had saved my money,	I would have built a house.
If I had worked harder,	I could have passed my exam.
If Aicha hadn’t been raped,	She shouldn’t have fled her village.

Or...

(Main Clause)	(IF Clause)
I would have escaped	if she had warned me.
Barcelona could have won the match	if Etoo had returned to full fitness.
He should have played against Real	if he had resumed team training.

Wish/If Only

Wish/If only are used to express regret,wanting change or complaint.

The table below lists the changes that occur when we use wish/If only :

Tenses	Change
Simple Present	Simple past
Simple Past	Past Perfect
Will	Would
can	Could
may	Might
is/are	was/were
was/were	had been
have/has	had
had	had had
must	must or had to

Examples:

I am sorry i was rude to you.I wish hadn't been rude to you.

He is shy and clumsy.The teacher wishes he wasn't shy and clumsy.

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Passive Voice

Forming The Passive

Active:(a)The driver helped the injured woman. Passive:(b)The injured woman was helped by the driver.	In the passive,the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb:the driver in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b
Active:(a)The man decided against a plea bargain. Passive:(b)none	Only transitive verbs (verbs than can be followed by an object) are used in the passive;we can't use intransitive verbs sch as decide,refuse,complain,fall,happen,sleep,come,seem etc..in the passive voice.

Form of the passive:be+past participle
Active	Passive
Simple present:the cat eats the meat.	The meat is eaten by the cat
Present continous:the cat is eating the meat.	The meat is being eaten by the cat
Present Perfect:the cat has eaten the meat.	The meat has been eaten by the cat
Futre Simple:the cat will eat the meat.	The meat will be eaten by the cat
be going to:the cat is going to eat the meat.	The meat is going to be eaten by the cat
Furure Perfect:the cat will have eaten the meat.	The meat will have been eaten by the cat
Simple past:the cat ate the meat.	The meat was eaten by the cat
Past Progressive:the cat was eating the meat.	The meat was being eaten by the cat
Past Perfect:the cat had eaten the meat.	The meat had been eaten by the c

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Collocations

Oxford Collocations Dictionary ESL defines a collocation as the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing.The use of collocations makes students sentences more natural and native speaker- like.

Collocations are formed as follows:

Parts Of Speech	Examples
adjective + noun	effecient administration/enjoyable passtime/endless patience
quantifier + noun	a dozen of eggs/hundreds of people/a bar of chocolate
verb + noun	have, meet with,cause , prevent , survive an accident
noun + verb	poison kills/war started/the wind blows
noun + noun	passport photo/discourse analysis/blood donation
preposition + noun	By the dinner time/Under guarantee
adverb + verb	listen attentively/play well/agree heartily/alter substantially
noun + preposition	fruits from the farm/teacher of english
verb + verb	want to live/like to drink
verb + adjective	keep fit/stay healthy/sound logical
adverb + adjective	extremely cold/utterly beautiful
adjective + preposition	keen to/fond of/good at

These pages will provide the Second year Bac students with the appropriate collocations they need to write a natural and standard essay.

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simple present

بسم الله و عليه نتوكل

definition

the S.present is a short action on present

يعني هي حركة قصيرة تقع في حاضر

REM:sj+verb(s.p)

key words:sj+sometimes_often_urually_always...+verb

EX:I always get up early

بنسبة لسؤال نطرحه على هذه القاعدة

how often+do/does+sj+verb

EX:you don't always get up early

key words: sj+presently+verb

EX:the doctors presntly try to find a cure of cancer

بنسبة لسؤال

when do they try to find a cure of cancer

key words: sj+ever_never+verb

EX: you never watche film

سؤال يطرح على هذا شكل

does he ever watche film

مثال اخرى

EX: i ever drive quickly

بنسبة لسؤال

do you drive quickly

key words: every..once a..twice a

و تكون في بداية الجملة او نهايتها

بنسبة لطرح سؤال يكون على شكل تالي

how often+do/does+sj+verb

شكرا لكم في الاخير

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Writing english

Anglais Deuxième année Writing

Writing 1

Choose a topic sentence from the following and write a paragraph .

1. Wars cause disasters and destruction.
2. The economic depression of 1928 had a catastrophic impact on the whole world.

Writing 2

Why should governments ban racist groups ?

reasons for banning racist groups	supporting ideas

Writing 3

Does your language preserve your identity? Discuss.

Writing 4

Write a letter to the editor of Children First – a monthly magazine that cares about children’s difficulties in education, explaining why so many children fail in their education and how this could be avoided.

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Americans Reading

Anglais Deuxième année Reading

A mong the reasons why immigrants have traditionally come to the USA is to have a better life – that is to raise their standard of living. It was properly the most important reason for leaving their homeland. Because of its abundant natural resources, the United States appeared to be a “land of plenty” where millions could come to seek their fortunes. Of course, most immigrants “didn’t get overnight” and many of them suffered terribly, but the majority of them were eventually able to improve their former standard of living.

A mericans pay a price, however, for their material wealth: hard work. Hard work has been both necessary and rewarding for most Americans throughout their history. Because of this, they have come to see material possessions as the natural reward for their hard work. In some ways, material possessions are seen not only as a clear evidence of people’s work, but also of their abilities. Most Americans believe that if people work hard, they are likely to have a good standard of living.

S ince people’s status in society is frequently measured by how much they own, Americans often feel pressured to buy more than they need. They want to appear as prosperous as everyone else round them, and this means making a continuing effort to buy newer and better material.

I n reality, some people have a better chance for success than others. Those who are born into rich families have more opportunities than those who are born in poorer families. Inheriting money gives a person a real advantage. In spite of laws designed to promote equality of opportunity for all races, many black Americans have fewer opportunities than the average white Americans.

A. Are these sentences true or false? Justify.

1. American people see their material possessions as a reward for their hard work.
2. Not all Americans have equal opportunities to become rich.

B. Answer the question.

• How do American people show that they live a ‘successful’ life?

C. What do the underlined words in the text refer to?

1. their (§ 1)
2. its (§ 1)
3. Those (§ 4)

D. Find in the text words that mean the same as …

1. mother country
2. beneficial
3. forced
4. flourishing

Key

Exercise A

1. True . Hard work has been both necessary and rewarding for most Americans throughout their history.
2. True . In spite of laws designed to promote equality of opportunity for all races, many black Americans have fewer opportunities than the average white Americans.

Exercise B

• American people show that they live a ‘successful’ life by squandering money on unused things and by buying newer and better material.

Exercise C

1. ‘their’ refers to immigrants
2. ‘its’ refers to the USA.
3. ‘Those’ refers to American people.

Exercise D

1. homeland
2. rewarding
3. pressured
4. prosperous

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Tenses Grammar : Deuxième année bac

Tenses

Exercise 1

Put the words in brackets in the correct present tense .

• The earth (circle) the sun, but it (circles, not) the moon. Key
• Every Thursday morning, Mrs Smith (drive) her kids to the tennis club. Key
• Sue (work) as a secretary at Bromley International Bank, but this summer she (study) German at a language school in Berlin. That is why she is in Germany. Key
• Keep quiet! The baby (sleep). Key
• Sheila (have) a severe headache for several hours. Key

• He (hate) living in Britain because it (rain) a lot. Key
• I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so loudly. Key

Exercise 2

Put the verbs in brackets in the past tense .

1. They (watch) an American movie when Sue called last night. Key
2. If I (drink) so much coffee, I would not be able to sleep. Key
3. I'm really hungry because I (not, have) breakfast this morning. Key
4. I (fall) off my bike yesterday, but I (not, hurt) myself. Key
5. Allan (get) wet while he (walk) in the rain.Key
6. They (slip) and (fall) while they (climb) the mountain. Key
7. I (can, not) see you yesterday. I (be) out of town. Key

Exercise 3

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct future tense .

• They (climb) the Himalaya Mountains this time next year. Key
• Nancy (take) her final exams in a couple of days’ time. Key
• By 2025, Mr. Smith and his wife (retire). Key
• The maid (clean) the rooms tonight. Key
• In five years’ time, the local authorities (build) a new hospital in this area. Key
• “I’m not certain you (pass) your driving test,” Betty told James. Key
• I (have) a cup of tea and (watch) football this time next Sunday. Key

Exercise 4

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense .

1. I don't understand you. What (you, talk) about? Key
2. By the end of 2007, Susan (teach) English for ten years in South Korea. Key
3. Mr. Smith (travel) widely since he was 16. Key
4. How long you (work) as a computer programmer?Key
5. If you (not, find) my wallet, I would have been very sad. Key
6. The leader of the party (talk) for hours about nothing. Key
7. (You, go) to the pictures next Sunday in the evening? Key

Exercise 5

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense .

1. The athletes (train) for the Olympic Games at the moment. Key
2. How long you (work) in this school? Key
3. Call on me after midday. I (arrive) home by then. Key
4. She (promise) herself she would never make the same mistake again. Key
5. “(You, can) park your car over there,” the policeman told the driver. Key
6. My uncle (take) me to pictures tomorrow. Key
7. (You, sing) at Kate’s birthday party two days ago? Key

Relative clauses Grammar : Deuxième année bac

Publié par techtracker à l'adresse 05:25

Relative clauses

Exercise 1

Choose the correct answer .

1. The car, __________ is grey, belongs to Youssef. (which/who/whose) Key
2. Ito, __________ is a Japanese engineer, works for World Computers. (which/who/whose) Key
3. Pierre , __________ is a talented cook, lives in Lyon. (which/who/whose) Key
4. Do you see those cats __________ are lying on the sofa? (which/who/whose) Key
5. Does she know the girl __________ father is a nurse? (which/who/whose)Key
6. Did I tell you about the man __________ eats four kilogrammes of apples in twenty minutes? (which/who/whose) Key
7. The girls __________ we met yesterday at Janes’ birthday party are very boastful. (which/who/whose) Key

Exercise 2

Choose the correct answer .

1. A mall is a building __________ you can do your shopping. (who/where/which) Key
2. A night is the time of a day __________ it is dark outside. (when/who/where)Key
3. A cookery book is a book __________ you can look up recipes. (which/when/where)Key
4. A pickpocket is a person __________ steals purses from pockets and bags. (who/where/which) Key
5. Carnivores are animals __________ live on meat. (who/where/which) Key
6. An acronym is a word __________ is the opposite of another word. (which/where/when) Key
7. Winter is the season of the year __________ it rains heavily. (where/when/who) Key

Exercise 3

Join the pairs of sentences with who or which .

1. The woman was sick. She looked very pale. Key
2. Some people were waiting in the emergency room. It was very crowded. Key
3. The doctor called a nurse. She came quickly. Key
4. The doctor gave the patient an injection. It made her fall asleep. Key
5. The Olympic Games were exciting. Many people watched them live on TV. Key
6. Youssef and Hind spent their holiday in Dover. Dover is in the south of Great Britain. Key
7. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories. Key

Exercise 4

Complete the sentences using who and which .

1. A freezer is a thing (freeze food and water). Key
2. A DJ is someone (play music in a disco). Key
3. A bee is an insect (make honey).Key
4. An apple is a fruit (be yellow or red and sweet). Key
5. A Dutch is a person (come from the Netherlands). Key
6. A caoch is a vehicle (carry people from a town to another town). Key
7. A salesperson is someone (work in a shop). Key

Exercise 5

Complete the sentences using whose and which

1. I saw the man __________ car you damaged. Key
2. He went back to live in the house __________ stood on the corner in Regent Avenue. Key
3. He couldn't remember __________ movie by Steven Spielberg he had seen. Key
4. That's the man __________ wife works with my wife in National Bank. Key
5. The woman __________ dog bit you is a police officer. Key

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The Passive Grammar : Deuxième année bac

The Passive

Remember these!
Present tenses am/is/are + past participle am/is/are + being + past participle have/has been + past participle Past tenses was/were + past participle was/were + being + past participle had been + past participle	Future tenses will be + past participle will have + been + past participle is/are going to be + past participle Present/Future modals modal + be + past participle Past modals modal + have been + past participle

a. Turn these sentences into the passive.

1. My uncle manages a huge firm.
2. My children like toys very much.
3. My little sister sometimes asks stupid questions.
4. Those people are talking about politics.
5. They are writing the test exercises at the present time.
6. Kamal is carrying a heavy box.
7. I have sent a parcel to the USA.
8. Jalil has received two letters.
9. Willy has bought a limousine.

b. Turn these sentences into the passive.

1. Ziryab composed some beautiful love songs.
2. Hind lost her family in a road accident.
3. The customer ordered a green salad and a cheese sandwich.
4. I was cleaning my room when the light went out.
5. My wife was making a pizza when I arrived home.
6. The teacher was explaining the irregular verbs to the students.
7. She had taken all my books.
8. I replied the teacher’s question politely.
9. Pablo Picasso had painted Guernica in 1937.

c. Turn these sentences into the passive.

1. Jalil and Jamal will finish the job tomorrow.
2. The dog will eat the bone.
3. They will move before June.
4. He will have begun the job by next week.
5. Man will have set colonies in the moon by the year 2050.
6. I will have completed his high studies by the end of next year.
7. They are going to have some Chinese food for dinner.
8. Jalil is going to offer me a watch for my coming birthday.
9. She is going to invite her friends for lunch next weekend.

d. Turn these sentences into the passive.

1. Jalil can speak two foreign languages.
2. The firm may give a high rise to the workers.
3. The lazy students might get weak marks in the test.
4. Jamal should learn the irregular verbs.
5. Drivers ought to respect the traffic law.
6. Obese people had better practise sport everyday.
7. Moroccan people must apply for visas to travel to the UK.
8. The prisoners have to clean their cells every weekend.

e. Turn these sentences into the passive.

1. My little brother should have broken the vase.
2. He should have got a bad mark in the French test.
3. Students ought to have learned the irregular verbs by heart.
4. The bank may have received my fax.
5. The boss may have offered Jamal a new duty in the company.
6. She might have done the homework correctly.
7. They might have had dinner in a Chinese diner.
8. The ministers of foreign affairs might have talked about the world economic crisis.

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Irregular verbs Grammar : Deuxième année bac

Irregular verbs

a. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past.

1. Imane ……………… to find that it was already ten o’clock. (awake)
2. I ……………… nervous as the final exam came closer. (become)
3. He ……………… reading ‘War and Peace’ last month and he still haven’t finished it. (begin)
4. A rich woman ……………… $2.000.000 for the two paintings. (bid)
5. The police ……………… the criminal’s hands behind his back. (bind)
6. Hicham El-Guerrouj ……………… the world record for the 1500 metres in 3.26.00 minutes. (break)
7. The BBC first ……………… in 1936. (broadcast)
8. They ……………… a new public library near my school. (build)
9. It was a huge fire and all the furniture ………………. (burn)

b. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past.

1. She ……………… a woollen scarf for her husband in Paris. (buy)
2. The policewoman ran after the thief and ……………… him. (catch)
3. I ……………… first in the latest English test. (come)
4. The cat ……………… silently towards the mouse and caught it. (creep)
5. He ……………… his finger with a knife. (cut)
6. I woke up to find that I wasn’t really rich. I only ……………… it. (dream)
7. The old lady’s loneliness ……………… her to commit suicide. (drive)
8. My little brother ……………… over and hurt his knee. (fall)
9. She ……………… a piece of glass in the pizza. (find)

c. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past.

1. When the hunter fired his gun the tiger turned and ……………… (flee)
2. My sister ……………… a job as a secretary in a bank. (get)
3. Jalil’s uncle ……………… him a digital camera for his birthday. (give)
4. My grandfather ……………… blind when he was sixty. (go)
5. The young man ……………… himself in a fit of depression. (hung)
6. A motorbike ……………… the old lady while she was crossing the street. (hit)
7. My grandmother ……………… a sweater for the coming winter. (knit)
8. She ……………… her baby gently down on its bed. (lay)
9. Pablo Picasso ……………… Spain and went to live in France. (leave)

d. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past.

1. The paintings ……………… a touch of beauty to the office. (lend)
2. He ……………… his family in a road accident last year. (lose)
3. The manager’s stupid remark ……………… the situation worse. (make)
4. He ……………… the lawn once last month. (mow)
5. He ……………… nearly $100 for these jeans. (paid)
6. I ……………… in the newspaper that they found a cure for migraine. (read)
7. The temperature nearly ……………… to 45° yesterday. (rise)
8. The teacher ……………… we should hand in our composition on ‘air pollution’ before Friday. (say)
9. He ……………… his car for nearly nothing. (sell)

e. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past.

1. He asked a man the way to the nearest post office but he ……………… me in the wrong way. (send)
2. As he was very hungry, the wife ……………… a large bowl of soup in front of her husband. (set)
3. The young lady’s voice ……………… with sorrow as she described the deadly accident. (shake)
4. The hunter ………………the deer in its back. (shoot)
5. The little girl ……………… herself in her bedroom and refused to talk to her parents. (shut)
6. Titanic ……………… to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. (sink)
7. I only ……………… for a couple of hours last night. (sleep)
8. ‘The murderer ……………… his hand into his pocket, took out a gun and killed the lady,’ the witness
9. said. (slide)
10. I ……………… two weeks in London last summer. (spend)

f. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past.

1. Jalil ……………… round when he heard someone call his name. (spin)
2. She took a small sip of the juice and ……………… it out. (spit)
3. The bad weather ……………… our holiday. (spoil)
4. The terrorist kidnapped a little girl and ……………… a car. (steal)
5. The epidemic ……………… the village within a few days. (sweep)
6. It ……………… me five years to learn German. (take)
7. My parents ……………… always to tell the truth. (teach)
8. He ……………… on my toe and didn’t even say sorry
9. Tolstoy ……………… ‘War and Peace’. (write)

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Objects

A predicate is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the "do-er" or "be-er" of the sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work. A simple predicate consists of only a verb, verb string, or compound verb:

* The glacier melted.
* The glacier has been melting.
* The glacier melted, broke apart, and slipped into the sea.

A compound predicate consists of two (or more) such predicates connected:

* The glacier began to slip down the mountainside and eventually crushed some of the village's outlying buildings.

A complete predicate consists of the verb and all accompanying modifiers and other words that receive the action of a transitive verb or complete its meaning. The following de--SS--ion of predicates comes from The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers (examples our own):

With an intransitive verb, objects and complements are included in the predicate. (The glacier is melting.) With a transitive verb, objects and object complements are said to be part of the predicate. (The slow moving glacier wiped out an entire forest. It gave the villagers a lot of problems.) With a linking verb, the subject is connected to a subject complement. (The mayor doesn't feel good.)

A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and tells us something about the subject:

* Ramonita is beautiful.
* His behavior has been outrageous.
* That garbage on the street smells bad.

A predicate nominative follows a linking verb and tells us what the subject is:

* Dr. Couchworthy is acting president of the university.
* She used to be the tallest girl on the team

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Description: dictionnaire Visuel Anglais Français.

Description: dictionnaire Visuel Anglais Français.

Taille:19.3Mo| Langue:EN|Format:PDF Télécharger Le Cour

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cours de l'anglais scientifique

Description: cours de l'anglais scientifique.

Taille:14Mo| Langue:EN|Format:PDF Télécharger Le Cour

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Oxford Practice Grammar is for students of English

Oxford practice Grammar

Description: Oxford Practice Grammar is for students of English at a middle or 'intermediate' level. This means students who are no longer beginners but who are not yet expert in English. The book is suitable for those studying for the Cambridge First Certificate in English. It can be used by students attending classes or by someone working alone.

Taille:5Mo| Langue:EN|Format:PDF Télécharger Le Cour

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English Vocabulary in USA

English Vocabulary in USA

Description: Apprendre le vocabulaire anglais, Ebook complet qui vous permettra d'améliorer votre anglais.

Taille:14Mo| Langue:EN|Format:PDF Télécharger Le Cour

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Cours d'anglais en ligne gratuit de la BBC

Le très excellent site de la BBC anglaise Learning English offre de nombreux cours gratuits d'anglais, ainsi que des ressources variés en audio.
Il contient des rubriques de grammaire, de vocabulaire, et de prononciation ainsi que des quiez et des jeux.

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Apprendre l'anglais en ligne

Englishclub

Un bon site qui a un contenu riche et rubriques très variées
vous pouvez trouver plein de cours gratuits de grammaire, vocabulaire, pronociation et bien d'autres leçons (Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing)
Vous pouvez discuter sur ce site ou chatter en anglais avec d'autres utilisateurs, ce site contient aussi des ressources spécifiques pour l'anglais des affaires (business english), des modèles de lettre en anglais, les termes d'anglais pour les affaires...

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